Paired Samples t-Test

Analyze repeated measurements and meaningful matched pairs using within-pair differences. Calculate paired t statistics and intervals, use covariance to explain precision gains, and investigate incomplete pairs, nested sessions and causal limits. Challenges reconstruct uncertainty from raw differences and identify information missing from marginal summaries. Prerequisites: one-sample t-tests and covariance. Includes single-select and multiselect practice with worked solutions and explanations of distractors.

References: Paired t-Test explanation, 1.3.5.3 Independent t statistics, pooled variance, effective degrees of freedom and paired design, Standardized mean differences and within-subject designs, equations for d and difference SD.